Q 1) “Criticism is the backbone of the scientific method,” which means that other scientists or experts review your work and critique it on the basis of criteria such as did you do valid, documented, and repeatable tests; can you expand your tests; did you forget a particular variable; is your interpretation of the results valid (based on evidence and sound reasoning, not fallacies); or, are there other equally valid interpretations, etc.? 2) The statement that a process is presently “based on valid scientific methods” means that scientists reporting on an investigation or results of an experiment have followed scientific methods that have either been tested previously or have evidence to support that these methods provide the best scientific means known to investigate a problem or observation.

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